Macro-Je family: Maxakali group (2 lists) : Query result

Number: 1

Word: all

Maxakali: piːbaʔ {pipma} ^-1

Silva f.n. Glossed as 'every'. Attested, for example, in kukäi̯ piːbaʔ ɕuɲãʔ tihiʔ {kokex pipma xoyã tihi} 'every dog has an owner'; note that the verb tihiʔ {tihi} is inherently plural. Apparently this is the closest Maxakalí equivalent to the Swadesh meaning in question. Distinct from the completive marker =nãɤ̯̃m {=nãm} [Campos 2009: 221; Silva f.n]. According to Campos, =nãɤ̯̃m {=nãm} has the internal argument of the verb as its scope, but Silva [f.n.] provides a number of examples that render Camposʼs analysis unsatisfactory: ʔɨ̃ǝ̯̃ pɨɕäǝ̯ ʔɨ̃=gɑ̃ĩ̯=nãɤ̯̃m {ũn puxet ũgãy nãm} 'one woman is completely furious'; ʔɨ̃ǝ̯̃ ʔɨ̃=gɑ̃ĩ̯=nãɤ̯̃m {ũn puxet ũgãy nãm} 'the woman is completely furious'; kaʓaɨ̯k ʔã=taʔ=nãɤ̯̃m {kayak ãta nãm} 'the shirt is completely red'. Analyzed as an intensifier in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 30]; possibly an aspectual feature is at play. Popovich & Popovich [2005: 48] and Antunes [1999: 37] attest ɕuhɪi̯ {xohix} in this meaning ('all' / 'ten' / 'many'), but this word is attested as ɕuhiʔ {xohi} and analyzed as 'many / to abound / to be numerous / PL' elsewhere [Campos 2009: 75; Silva f.n.]. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment b. Phonology: /pipma/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 2

Word: ashes

Maxakali: pɨtohoɨ̯k / pɨtoɨ̯k {putohok / putok} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 38. Phonology: /ptuk/.

Pataxo Hahahae: bʊkʊhʊ ~ pukui̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (bˈʊkʊhʊ); Bahetá 1982 (e=pukˈui̯).

Number: 3

Word: bark

Maxakali: ɕɑi̯ ~ mĩɤ̯̃p=ɕɑi̯ {xax ~ mĩmxax} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 47 (ɕɑi̯ {xax}); Campos 2009: 267 (mĩɤ̯̃m=ɕɑi̯ {mĩmxax}). Polysemy: 'cover / skin / bark / shell' (only ɕɑi̯ {xax}). Phonology: /cac ~ mĩp=cac/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 4

Word: belly

Maxakali: täi̯ {tex} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 42. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach'. Cf. kutäi̯ {kotex} 'fish's belly' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 18], täi̯-tuɤ̯p {textop} 'fat belly' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 42]. Phonology: /tec/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =buʌ̯ ²

Pickering 1961 (ˈʌ̃m=buʌ̯).

Number: 4

Word: belly

Maxakali:

Pataxo Hahahae: =kɛhɛ ¹

Bahetá 1982 (a=kɛhˈɛ).

Number: 5

Word: big

Maxakali: ɕäi̯kaʔ ~ ɕäːkaʔ {xexka} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 47; Campos 2009: 83, 93 (ɕäi̯kaʔ ~ ɕɛkaʔ {xexka ~ xeka}); Antunes 1999: 27, 36, 37; Araújo 2000: 19; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 84. Can be used in a classifier-like manner ([Araújo 2000: 108]). Phonology: /cekka/.

Pataxo Hahahae: kehʌ̃-čia ²

Scheibe 1957 ({kehãtiá}).

Number: 6

Word: bird

Maxakali: pɨtɨi̯-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {putuxnãg} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 39; Campos 2009: 183; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 84. The words mĩɲũɲʊ̃ĩ̯ {mĩyõyõy}, tä̃ĩ̯tä̃ĩ̯ {tẽytẽy} 'southern screamer', taɕaʔ {taxa}, translated as 'bird' or 'small bird' in [Antunes 1999: 28, 33], refer to bird species. Phonology: /ptɨc-nãk/.

Pataxo Hahahae: pʌkǝi̯ ~ bʌkǝi̯ ~ pʌkǝi̯-nʌ̃u̯ ~ bʌkǝi̯-nʌ̃u̯ ¹

Bahetá 1982 (pʌkˈǝi̯); Scheibe 1957 ({pekáynão}). The same word as bʌkʌ̃i̯ 'feather', quoted in [Pickering 1961]. Polysemy: 'bird / feather'.

Number: 7

Word: bite

Maxakali: pɨtuɤ̯p {putop} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 38; Campos 2009: 25; Antunes 1999: 31, 33; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 79; Silva f.n. Transitive. No semantic or number differences are reported for the verbs pɨtuɤ̯p {putop}; ɕahaʔ {xaha}; kadɛɤ̯p {kanep}; Silva [f.n.] attests kukäi̯-tɛʔ kaɨ̯kɕuɤ̯p pɨtuɤ̯p {kokex te kakxop putop}, kukäi̯-tɛʔ kaɨ̯kɕuɤ̯p ɕahaʔ {kokex te kakxop xaha}, kukäi̯-tɛʔ kaɨ̯kɕuɤ̯p-hãʔ kadɛɤ̯p {kokex te kakxop hã kanep}, all meaning 'the dog bit the child'. The three are thus listed as synonyms. Distinct from kʊǝ̯ɕɪi̯ {kotxix} (non-finite kʊǝ̯ɕiʔ {kotxi}) 'to chew' [Silva f.n.]. Phonology: /ptup/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 7

Word: bite

Maxakali: ɕahaʔ {xaha} ²

Campos 2009: 158; Silva f.n. Non-finite: ɕaʔ {xa}. Transitive. Phonology: /ca/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 7

Word: bite

Maxakali: kadɛɤ̯p {kanep} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 14; Silva f.n. Intransitive. Requires an argument expressed with an adpositional phrase with an instrumental postposition hãʔ {hã} (e.g. kukäi̯-tɛʔ kaɨ̯kɕuɤ̯p-hãʔ kadɛɤ̯p {kokex te kakxop hã kanep} 'the dog bit the child') or the morpheme nũʔ {nõ} (kukäi̯-tɛʔ nũʔ kadɛɤ̯p {kokex te nõ kanep} 'the dog bit (someone)'). Treated as a non-native item because of the segment d; according to a speaker, this verb is onomatopoeic and refers to the sound of dogʼs biting. Phonology: /kadep/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 8

Word: black

Maxakali: mɨ̃nɪ̃ĩ̯ {mũnĩy} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 29; Campos 2009: 83; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 85 (mɨ̃ːnɪ̃ĩ̯ {mũnnĩy}). Phonology: /pnĩc/ or /pnĩk/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 9

Word: blood

Maxakali: hɛɤ̯p {hep} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 10; Campos 2009: 137, 273. Polysemy: 'blood / sap / liquid'. Can be used in a classifier-like manner for liquids. Phonology: /hep/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =hɛb ¹

Pickering 1961 (ˈʌ̃=hɛb). In [Bahetá 1982], a different root without a transparent etymology is cited: a=vˈɛŋ.

Number: 10

Word: bone

Maxakali: kɨɤ̯p {kup} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 20. Polysemy: 'bone / stick / tree / stalk'. Quoted by Antunes in compounds: kɨɤ̯p-ɕʊi̯ {kup xox} 'bone / portal / tree / long object / thigh' [Antunes 1999: 26], ɕu=kɨɤ̯p {xokup} [Antunes 1999: 37]. Can be used in a classifier-like manner for tree-like or bone-like objects (cf. [Campos 2009: 119, 163]). Phonology: /kɨp/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =ɨp-c̢ui̯ ~ =up-c̢ui̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=ˈɨp-c̢ui̯); Bahetá 1982 (a=up=čˈui̯).

Number: 11

Word: breast

Maxakali: kɛɤ̯p {kep} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 15; Antunes 1999: 24. Distinct from ɲõɨ̯̃ktɑǝ̯ {yõktat} 'female breast' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 29; Antunes 1999: 39; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 86], pɑǝ̯ {pat} 'backbone' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 34], glossed as 'breast' in [Campos 2009: 272]. Phonology: /kep/.

Pataxo Hahahae: c̢ohob ²

Pickering 1961. In [Bahetá 1982], another root is cited: a=ŋokˈai̯. However, the latter possibly refers to female breast, as suggested by the illustration in the source as well as by its Maxakalí cognate ɲõɨ̯̃ktɑǝ̯ {yõktat} 'female breast'.

Number: 12

Word: burn

Maxakali: mũ=haɤ̯p {mõhap} ¹

Campos 2009: 233; Silva f.n. Transitive. Plural: pɨg-ãhãʔ {pugãhã} (non-finite: pɨg-ãʔ {pugã}). Polysemy: 'to burn / to roast'. Intransitive: pɘɨ̯k {puk} 'to burn (intransitive) / to be boiled / to be roasted' [Campos 2009: 111; Antunes 1999: 31; Silva f.n.]; also attested as transitive [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 37, 46, 55], especially when the object is a body part. Distinct from mũʔ=ɕɨǝ̯ {mõ xut} 'to consume / to burn up' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 28] or 'to set fire' [Silva f.n.], ɲũkʊ̃ĩ̯ {yõkõy} 'to burn (of food)' [Silva f.n.]. Phonology: /mũ=hap/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested. Cf. ɛuhm-ʌ̃ 'to set on fire' [Pickering 1961 (ɛum̥mʌ̃)].

Number: 13

Word: nail

Maxakali: ɲĩː=mã=ɕɑi̯ {yĩmmãxax} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 55 (ɲĩː=mã=ɕɑi̯ {yĩmmãxax}); Campos 2009: 93 (ɲĩɤ̯̃p=ɕɑi̯ {yĩmxax}). Cf. [Araújo 2000: 113], where the meanings 'fingernail' and 'toenail' are said to be rendered as ɕɑi̯ {xax} 'skin' and pata=ɕɑi̯ {pataxax} respectively. Phonology: /ɲĩp=mã=cac ~ ɲĩp=cac/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =pahab=tai̯ŋ ¹

Bahetá 1982 (a=pahab=tˈai̯ŋ).

Number: 14

Word: cloud

Maxakali: gʊ̃ĩ̯ {gõy} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 4, 5; Araújo 2000: 119; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 84. Polysemy: 'smoke / cloud / fog / to smoke'. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment g. Phonology: /gũc/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 15

Word: cold

Maxakali: ɕɨ=ɕiʔ / =ʔã=ɕiʔ {xuxi / =ãxi} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 3, 8, 52 (appears as {xuxix / ãxi ~ ãxix}); Campos 2009: 224; Silva f.n. Polysemy: 'cold / to cool off / to cease / to ease up'. Another root, ɕaɤ̯p- {xap-} 'cold sensation', is found in words like ɕaɤ̯p-ɕɨ̃ĩ̯ {xapxũy} 'to feel cold' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 46; Antunes 1999: 36; Silva f.n.], ɕaɤ̯p-tɛ-ɤ̯ptäĩ̯ {xapte p-tex} 'cold weather / to feel cold' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 46; Campos 2009: 27] (literally 'cold-ERG kill.SG'). Phonology: /cɨ=ci/ / /=A=ci/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 16

Word: come

Maxakali: nɨ̃-ǝ̯̃ {nũn} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 32; Campos 2009: 79; Antunes 1999: 29. Subjunctive: nɨ̃ʔ {nũ}, imperative: mãʔ {mã}. Distinct from ɕɨ=pɛɤ̯p / =ʔã=pɛɤ̯p {xupep / =ãpep} 'to arrive / to leave', pl. mũ=ɕahaʔ {mõxaha} (non-finite mũ=ɕɑ̃ǝ̯̃ {mõxãn}) [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 2, 35, 51; Campos 2009: 78, 183; Antunes 1999: 38]. Phonology: /nɨ̃-t/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 17

Word: die

Maxakali: ɕoɨ̯k {xok} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 48; Campos 2009: 102. Polysemy: 'to die'. Plural: ɕakɪi̯ {xakix} [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 45; Campos 2009: 120]. Homonymous with ɕo-ɨ̯k {xok} 'to plant / to sow / to store inside' [Campos 2009: 97], whose non-finite form is ɕuʔ {xo}. Phonology: /cuk/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =c̢uku ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃̄=c̢uˑkˈú).

Number: 17

Word: die

Maxakali:

Pataxo Hahahae: =mɔhɔi̯ ²

Bahetá 1982 (a=mɔhˈɔi̯). Cf. mɔhˈɔ 'dead'.

Number: 18

Word: dog

Maxakali: kukäi̯ {kokex} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 16; Campos 2009: 147; Antunes 1999: 25; Araújo 2000: 81; Silva 2014: 111; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 86. Phonology: /kukec/ or /kukek/.

Pataxo Hahahae: wuɛ ¹

Pickering 1961 (bˈuɛ); Scheibe 1957 ({woé}).

Number: 19

Word: drink

Maxakali: ɕuʔuɤ̯p {xoʼop} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 50; Campos 2009: 94; Antunes 1999: 37; Araújo 2000: 118 (attested as ɕuhuɤ̯p {xohop}, non-finite ɕuɤ̯p {xop}); Silva 2014: 115. Phonology: /cuup/.

Pataxo Hahahae: c̢ohob ¹

Pickering 1961 (čʰohob); Bahetá 1982 (čohˈob).

Number: 20

Word: dry

Maxakali: daɨ̯k {nak} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 30; Campos 2009: 146, 287; Araújo 2000: 90; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 79. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment d. Phonology: /dak/.

Pataxo Hahahae: c̢ɛ ¹

Pickering 1961. Attested in the phrase ham o c̢ɛʔ 'the earth is dry'.

Number: 21

Word: ear

Maxakali: ɲĩɤ̯̃p-kʊi̯ {yĩpkox} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 55; Silva 2014: 109; Antunes 1999: 39. Phonology: /ɲĩp-kuc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: ɛ̃mp-ʔoi̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ɛm^p-ʼoi̯); Bahetá 1982 (ɛ-ˈoi̯n). Scheibe [1957] lists a completely different root: {e-mohábm} (cf. mohab 'meat' [Pickering 1961]).

Number: 22

Word: earth

Maxakali: hãhãɤ̯̃m / hãɤ̯̃m {hãhãm / hãm} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 5; Campos 2009: 264; Antunes 1999: 22; Araújo 2000: 89; Silva 2014: 116. Phonology: /hãp/.

Pataxo Hahahae: hʌ̃hʌ̃m / hʌ̃m ¹

Pickering 1961 (hˈahʌ̃m / ham); Scheibe 1957 ({hahám}); Azevedo 1936 (hamˈiko). Attested in the phrase ham o c̢ɛʔ 'the earth is dry' [Pickering 1961]. Cf. mĩ=ka-hab 'ground / seed' [Pickering 1961 (mˈi=ka-hab 'ground', mĩ=ka-hˈab 'seed'); Bahetá 1982 (mi=ka-hˈab)].

Number: 23

Word: eat

Maxakali: mãhãʔ {mãhã} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 22; Campos 2009: 268; Antunes 1999: 26. Transitive. Non-finite: mãʔ {mã}. Phonology: /mã/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested. Scheibe [1957] glosses {ko-má} as 'to eat', but this is likely a mistranslation of kum-ʌ̃ 'to swallow' [Pickering 1961], a cognate of Maxakalí tum-ãhãʔ / tum-ãʔ {tomãhã / tomã} 'to swallow'.

Number: 23

Word: eat

Maxakali: ɕiǝ̯ {xit} ²

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 48; Campos 2009: 289. Intransitive. Phonology: /cit/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 24

Word: egg

Maxakali: ɕɘʔɘɨ̯k / ɕɘɨ̯k ~ ɕoɨ̯k=ɕɘɨ̯k {xuʼuk / xuk ~ xokxuk} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 28, 50, 52; Campos 2009: 73, 75; Antunes 1999: 37. Phonology: /cɨ̰k/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =ic̢ʌ̃ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=ic̢ʌ̃).

Number: 25

Word: eye

Maxakali: pɒʔ {pa} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 33; Campos 2009: 92; Antunes 1999: 30, 35; Araújo 2000: 81. Polysemy: 'eye / face'. Phonology: /pa/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =wa ¹

Pickering 1961 (ˈʌ̃=buʌ); Bahetá 1982 (a=vˈa); Scheibe 1957 ({ã-guá}); Azevedo 1936 (a=wˈa).

Number: 26

Word: fat

Maxakali: tuɤ̯p {top} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 42; Campos 2009: 202. Apparently can be an adjective or a noun, cf. ɕoɨ̯k=tuɤ̯p {xoktop} 'animal fat / lard / suet' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 49]. Phonology: /tup/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 27

Word: feather

Maxakali: ɲĩ=mãɨ̯̃k=ɕaɤ̯p {yĩmãg xap} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 55. More specifically, large wing feathers. Cf. ɲĩ=mãɨ̯̃ŋ {yĩmãg} 'wing'. Phonology: /ɲĩ=mãk=cap/.

Pataxo Hahahae: bʌkǝi̯ ~ pʌkǝi̯ ²

Pickering 1961 (bʼˈʌkʌ̃i̯). The same word as pʌkˈǝi̯ 'bird', quoted in [Bahetá 1982]. Polysemy: 'bird / feather'.

Number: 27

Word: feather

Maxakali:

Pataxo Hahahae: =c̢ɛ ³

Bahetá 1982 (a=čˈɛ). Polysemy: 'feather / hair'.

Number: 28

Word: fire

Maxakali: kɨɕaɤ̯p {kuxap} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 22; Campos 2009: 138; Antunes 1999: 26; Araújo 2000: 114; Silva 2014: 115. Cf. kɘhɘɨ̯k ~ kɨhɨʔ / kɘɨ̯k ~ kɨʔ {kuhuk ~ kuhu / kuk ~ ku} 'firewood' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 19; Campos 2009: 264; Antunes 1999: 25]. Phonology: /kɨcap/.

Pataxo Hahahae: c̢ahab ¹

Pickering 1961 (c̢ahabǝ̆); Bahetá 1982 (tahˈab); Scheibe 1957 ({itahábm}).

Number: 29

Word: fish

Maxakali: mãhãɤ̯̃m / mãɤ̯̃m {mãhãm / mãm} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 22, 23; Campos 2009: 264; Antunes 1999: 27; Araújo 2000: 76; Silva 2014: 114; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 82. Phonology: /mãp/.

Pataxo Hahahae: mʌ̃hʌ̃m ¹

Bahetá 1982 (mãhˈãm); Scheibe 1957 ({mahám}); Azevedo 1936 (mahˈãmi). Pickering [1961] quotes a completely different word: c̢ʌʔkuˈɛi̯.

Number: 30

Word: fly

Maxakali: tup-ahaʔ / tup-aʔ {topaha / topa} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 42; Campos 2009: 49; Antunes 1999: 33; Araújo 2000: 119. Non-finite: tuhuɤ̯p {tohop}. Polysemy: 'to float / to soar / to fly'. Plural: kupɘ-ɨ̯k {kopuk} (non-finite kupɨ-i̯ {kopux}) 'to float / to soar / to fly / to swallow' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 17; Campos 2009: 111]. Phonology: /tup-a/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 31

Word: foot

Maxakali: pataʔ {pata} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 34; Campos 2009: 83; Antunes 1999: 21, 30, 35; Araújo 2000: 70. Phonology: /pata/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =paka ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃m=pʼˈaka); Bahetá 1982 (a=pakˈa); Scheibe 1957 ({am-paká}).

Number: 32

Word: full

Maxakali: nɨ̃ʔ=ɕiɤ̯p {nũ xip} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 32; Araújo 2000: 90; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 80. Non-finite: nɨ̃ʔ=ɕihiɤ̯p {nũ xip}. Plural: nɨ̃=tihiʔ {nũtihi} (non-finite nɨ̃=tiʔ {nũti}) [Silva f.n.]. Literally 'CTFG=be'. Phonology: /nɨ̃=cip/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 33

Word: give

Maxakali: hũɤ̯̃m {hõm} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 11; Campos 2009: 86; Antunes 1999: 23; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 80. Polysemy: 'to give / to pay'. Plural: puː-mãhãʔ ~ pũː-mãhãʔ {popmãhã ~ põpmãhã} (non-finite puː-mãʔ ~ pũː-mãʔ {popmã ~ põpmã} [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 18, 39; Campos 2009: 86, 87]. Phonology: /hũp/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 34

Word: good

Maxakali: bai̯ ~ baiʔ ~ baʔiʔ {max ~ mai} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 22, 23; Campos 2009: 19; Antunes 1999: 26, 35; Araújo 2000: 47; Silva 2014: 116; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 78, 86. Polysemy: 'good / beautiful / attractive / generous'. Distinct from bɑi̯ {max} 'false' [Silva f.n.]. Distinct from ɕɛʔɛʔ {xee} 'right / true' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 48; Antunes 1999: 37; Araújo 2000: 109]. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment b. Phonology: /mai/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 35

Word: green

Maxakali: ɲĩ=ɕɨi̯ {yĩxux} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 56; Antunes 1999: 36, 39 (including the diminutive ɲĩ=ɕɨi̯-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {yĩxuxnãg}); Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 78. Ranges from blue through green to yellow (according to Silva [f.n.], it denotes any color that is not black, white or red). Phonology: /ɲĩ=cɨc/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 36

Word: hair

Maxakali: ɕɛʔ {xe} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 47; Campos 2009: 83; Antunes 1999: 37; Araújo 2000: 100; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 81. Phonology: /ce/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =c̢ɛ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̄n=c̢ˈɛ̀); Bahetá 1982 (a=čˈɛ). Polysemy: 'feather / hair'.

Number: 37

Word: hand

Maxakali: ɲĩɤ̯m {yĩm} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 54; Campos 2009: 83; Antunes 1999: 36. Translated as 'arm' in [Silva 2014: 110]. Phonology: /ɲĩp/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =pahˈab ²

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃m=pahˈabŭ ~ ʌm=pahʌb); Bahetá 1982 (ǝ=pahˈab 'finger', pahˈab 'hand'); Scheibe 1957 ({am-pahábm} 'hand'). Polysemy: 'hand / finger'.

Number: 38

Word: head

Maxakali: pɨtʊi̯ {putox} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 38; Campos 2009: 83; Antunes 1999: 31. Phonology: /ptuc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =bʌkɔhai̯ ~ =bʌkoi̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌm=bʌkˈoi̯); Bahetá 1982 (am=bakɔhˈai̯); Scheibe 1957 ({am-akoháy}); Azevedo 1936 (am=akohˈai̯).

Number: 39

Word: hear

Maxakali: ɕɨ=pa-ɨ̯k / =ʔã=pa-ɨ̯k {xupak / =ãpak} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 2, 51; Campos 2009: 78. Non-finite: ɕɨ=pa-i̯ / =ʔã=pa-i̯ {xupax / =ãpax}. Phonology: /cɨ=pa-k/ / /=A=pa-k/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 40

Word: heart

Maxakali: kɨɕaʔ {kuxa} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 21; Campos 2009: 271. Can be used figuratively. Phonology: /kɨca/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =ʔʌ̃c̢ɔ ~ =ʔac̢a ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=ʔʌ̃c̢ɔ); Bahetá 1982 (ĩ=atˈa).

Number: 41

Word: horn

Maxakali: pɨtʊi̯=kɨɤ̯p {putoxkup} ¹

Silva f.n. Phonology: /ptuc=kɨp/.

Pataxo Hahahae: ɛ̃mp=ub ¹

Pickering 1961 (ɛmp=ub).

Number: 42

Word: I

Maxakali: ɘ̃ɨ̯̃ŋ- {ũg-} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: v; Campos 2009: 78. Direct. Can resillabify following the ergative marker tɛʔ {te}, yielding tä=i̯- {tex}. Phonology: /-k/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 42

Word: I

Maxakali: ʔãʔ {ã} ²

Popovich & Popovich 2005: v; Campos 2009: 78, 86; Antunes 1999: 21. Oblique. Phonology: /A/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 43

Word: kill

Maxakali: pɨtäi̯ {putex} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 37; Campos 2009: 122; Antunes 1999: 31, 35. Erroneously quoted as {putax} in [Antunes 1999: 24]. Plural: kɪ-i̯ {kix} (non-finite kiʔ {ki}) [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 16; Campos 2009: 122]. Phonology: /ptek/ or /ptec/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 44

Word: knee

Maxakali: kupɒɕɨi̯ {kopaxux} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 17; Campos 2009: 80 (kupɒɕʊi̯ {kopaxox}); Antunes 1999: 26, 35. Phonology: /kupacɨc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =mahi ~ =mahǝi̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ˈʌ̃=maɣi); Bahetá 1982 (a=mahˈǝi̯).

Number: 45

Word: know

Maxakali: ɲɨ̃mɘ̃ɨ̯̃ŋ {yũmũg} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 57 (ɲɨ̃ːmɘ̃ɨ̯̃ŋ {yũmmũg}); Campos 2009: 80, 135, 234 (ɲɨ̃mãʔ ~ ɲɨ̃mɘ̃ɨ̯̃ŋ ~ ɲɨ̃mɨ̃ʔ {yũmã ~ yũmũg ~ yũmũ}); Antunes 1999: 39 (quoted variably as {yũmũ}); Silva f.n. Phonology: /ɲɨ̃mɨ̃k/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 46

Word: leaf

Maxakali: mĩɤ̯̃p=ɕɨi̯ ~ mĩ=ɕɨi̯ {mĩm xux ~ mĩxux} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 26, 51; Campos 2009: 93, 96; Antunes 1999: 38 (quoted as {xux} 'small things, such as leaves, grass'). Polysemy: 'green grass / plants / shrubs / leaf'. Cf. mĩǝ̯̃=ɕuɤ̯p {mĩn=xop} translated as 'leaf' in [Araújo 2000: 114], which probably means actually 'trees' ('tree-COL'). Phonology: /mĩp=cɨc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: hʌ̃m=hʌ̃i̯ ¹

Bahetá 1982 (hʌmʌ=hˈãi̯).

Number: 47

Word: lie

Maxakali: piɤ̯p {pip} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 36; Campos 2009: 116; Antunes 1999: 31. Non-finite: pihiʔ {pihi} [Silva f.n., contra Campos 2009: 116]. Polysemy: 'to be located vertically.PL / to reside.PL / to lie.SG'. Plural: nũɤ̯̃m {nõm} [Silva f.n.], glossed as 'to rest / to recline' in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 31]. Distinct from ɕiɤ̯p {cip} 'to be located vertically.SG' (non-finite ɕihiɤ̯p {xihip}) [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 48; Campos 2009: 117; Antunes 1999: 37; Araújo 2000: 119], of which piɤ̯p {pip} is a suppletive plural. Cf. ɲɑ̃ĩ̯=kutɛʔ {yãykote}, glossed as 'lying' in [Antunes 1999: 39] but as 'in the middle of' in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 53].

Pataxo Hahahae: hʌ̃=gũm ~ ʌ̃=gũm ²

Bahetá 1982 (hã=gˈum). Glossed as 'to sleep' in [Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=gˈum)].

Number: 48

Word: liver

Maxakali: ɕɨɤ̯p=kɨ̃nɑ̃ĩ̯ {xupkũnãy} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 51. The meaning of individual morphemes is unclear; the proposed morphemic division is motivated by the disagreement in nasality. Phonology: /cɨp=kɨnãc/ or /cɨp=knãc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: c̢ʌm=ʌ̃ŋʌ̃i̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (c̢ʼˈʌm=ʌ̃ŋgʌ̃i); Bahetá 1982 (čʌm=ãŋˈai̯).

Number: 49

Word: long

Maxakali: tʊhʊi̯ / tʊi̯ {tohox / tox} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 43; Campos 2009: 143, 287; Antunes 1999: 31; Araújo 2000: 119; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 84 (tʊi̯-hnãɤ̯̃m {toxnãm}). Can be used in a classifier-like manner ([Araújo 2000: 109]). Polysemy: 'long / tall / far / vine'. Phonology: /tuc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: kuhui̯ / kui̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (kuhˈui / kūi̯); Bahetá 1982 (kɔhˈɔi̯ 'vine'). Polysemy: 'long / vine'. Attested in the phrase čˈípài̯-kūi̯ 'the neck is long' [Pickering 1961].

Number: 50

Word: louse

Maxakali: kɨǝ̯ {kut} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 21; Antunes 1999: 26; Araújo 2000: 36. Polysemy: 'parasite / insect / louse'. Phonology: /kɨt/.

Pataxo Hahahae: c̢ɛi̯c̢ui̯ ²

Pickering 1961 (c̢ɛi̯tʰˈui̯).

Number: 50

Word: louse

Maxakali:

Pataxo Hahahae: pakac̢ɛ ~ pokɔc̢õŋ ³

Pickering 1961 (pʼakac̢ɛ 'few lice (?)'); Bahetá 1982 (pokɔčˈõŋ).

Number: 51

Word: man

Maxakali: tɪhɪi̯ / tɪi̯ {tihik / tik} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 42; Campos 2009: 44; Antunes 1999: 33; Araújo 2000: 24; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 80; Silva f.n. Refers specifically to indigenous men. Distinct from piǝ̯ {pit} 'male / brother of a female ego' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 36; Antunes 1999: 35; Silva f.n.], which can also be used as a suffix ([Araújo 2000: 22]). Phonology: /tik/.

Pataxo Hahahae: kahniako ~ kahnʌ̃kɔ ²

Pickering 1961 (kˈan̥niako); Bahetá 1982 (kahnakˈɔ); Scheibe 1957 ({kahnãkó}).

Number: 52

Word: many

Maxakali: ɕuhiʔ {xohi} ¹

Campos 2009: 75; Antunes 1999: 37 (as ɕuhɪi̯ {xohix} 'all / many'); Silva f.n. Polysemy: 'many / to abound / to be numerous / PL'. In [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 48], the root is attested as ɕuhɪi̯ {xohix} with the meanings 'all / ten'. According to Silva [f.n.], used predominantly by young speaker, whereas older speakers prefer pɨdäǝ̯-hoɨ̯k {punethok} [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 37; Campos 2009: 39 (pudäǝ̯-hoɨ̯k {ponethok}); Antunes 1999: 31; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 80], which is apparently itself a negation of unattested *pɨdäǝ̯ {*punet}, a probable borrowing (as suggested by the segment d). Cf. tãɤ̯̃m-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {tãmnãg}, translated as 'muito' ('many', 'much' or 'very') in [Antunes 1999: 32] but as 'overripe / spoiled' in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 40]. Phonology: /cuhi/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 53

Word: meat

Maxakali: ɲĩǝ̯̃ ~ ɕoɨ̯ŋ=ɲĩǝ̯̃ {yĩn ~ xogyĩn} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 48, 55; Campos 2009: 80; Antunes 1999: 37, 39; Araújo 2000: 76; Silva 2014: 111; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 83. Polysemy: 'meat / muscle / body' (for ɲĩǝ̯̃ {yĩn} only). Phonology: /ɲĩt/.

Pataxo Hahahae: xim ²

Pickering 1961.

Number: 53

Word: meat

Maxakali:

Pataxo Hahahae: mohab ³

Pickering 1961. Glossed as 'ear' by Scheibe [1957 ({e-mohábm})].

Number: 53

Word: meat

Maxakali:

Pataxo Hahahae: c̢u=ˈiŋ ¹

Bahetá 1982 (ču=ˈiŋ).

Number: 54

Word: moon

Maxakali: mãɲʊ̃ǝ̯̃-häi̯ {mãyõnhex} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 24; Araújo 2000: 22. Literally 'celestial.body-female'. Cf. mãɲʊ̃ǝ̯̃-(häi̯)-ʔãdɘɨ̯k {mãyõn(hex) ãnuk} 'full moon' (lit. 'celestial.body(-female)-round'), mãɲʊ̃ǝ̯̃-ɕäi̯kaʔ {mãyõn xexka} 'half moon' (lit. 'celestial.body-big'), mãɲʊ̃ǝ̯̃-kuhu-hnãɨ̯̃ŋ {mãyõn kohonãg} 'new moon' (lit. 'celestial.body-finish.off-DIM') [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 2, 24]. Phonology: /mãɲũt-hek/ or /mãɲũt-hec/.

Pataxo Hahahae: mʌ̃ŋũ-čia ¹

Scheibe 1957 ({maɲutiá}). Translated as 'star' in [Bahetá 1982] (maŋu-čiˈa), where aŋɔhˈɔ without any known etymology is quoted in the meaning 'moon'. However, if -čia is indeed a feminine suffix (cf. 'woman'), Scheibeʼs gloss is more compatible with Maxakalí cosmology than the one found in [Bahetá 1982]. The root mʌ̃ŋũ- is a general root for celestial bodies.

Number: 55

Word: mountain

Maxakali: ɲɪ̃ĩ̯tɪi̯ {yĩktix ~ yĩytix} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 54; Campos 2009: 140; Antunes 1999: 39. Polysemy: 'steep hill / mountain'. Cf. mĩkɑi̯-ɕäi̯kaʔ {mĩkax xexka} (literally 'big stone'), translated as 'mountain' in [Antunes 1999: 39] but as 'machete' in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 25]. Even though both can be used in the meaning 'mountain', we leave only the morphologically simple item in the main list. Phonology: /ɲĩktik/, /ɲĩktic/, /ɲĩctik/ or /ɲĩctic/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 56

Word: mouth

Maxakali: ɲɪ̃ĩ̯-kʊi̯ ~ ɲiː-kʊi̯ {yĩykox} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 56. Literally 'speak-hole'. Sometimes attested as ɲĩ-kʊi̯ {yĩkox} [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 65, 71, 72; Campos 2009: 291; Antunes 1999: 36]. Phonology: /ɲĩk-kuc/ (the velar coda in /ɲĩk/ 'to speak' is evident in the causative ɲı̃ŋ-ãhãʔ {yĩgãhã} [Antunes 1999: 39; Araújo 2000: 119]).

Pataxo Hahahae: =taka-oi̯ ²

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=takˈa-ˈoi̯). Bahetá [1982] quotes another root with no known external parallels: aŋ=tˈai̯.

Number: 57

Word: name

Maxakali: ɕɨ=ɕäǝ̯-ʔɑi̯ / =ʔã=ɕäǝ̯-ʔɑi̯ {xuxetʼax / =ãxetʼax} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 3, 52; Campos 2009: 78, 149; Antunes 1999: 21, 38. A nominalization of ɕɨ=ɕäǝ̯ / =ʔã=ɕäǝ̯ {xuxet / =ãxet} 'to call'. Phonology: /cɨ=cet-ac/ / /=A=cet-ac/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 58

Word: neck

Maxakali: ɕɘɨ̯ŋ=nĩ-kɨɤ̯p {xuknĩkup} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 50; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 86. The meaning of individual morphemes is unclear, except -kɨɤ̯p {-kup} 'long object'; the proposed morphemic division is motivated by the disagreement in nasality. Phonology: /cɨk=nĩ-kɨp/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =čipai̯ ²

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=čˈipai̯); Bahetá 1982 (a=čipˈai̯). Cf. čˈípài̯-kūi̯ 'the neck is long' [Pickering 1961].

Number: 59

Word: new

Maxakali: tɨɤ̯p {tup} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 43; Campos 2009: 287; Antunes 1999: 33; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 83. Can be used in a classifier-like manner ([Araújo 2000: 108], translated as 'new / pure / brand-new'). Phonology: /tɨp/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 60

Word: night

Maxakali: ʔãɤ̯̃=mnɪ̃ĩ̯ {ãmnĩy} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 1; Campos 2009: 111; Antunes 1999: 21. Polysemy: 'night / darkness'. A nominalization of mɨ̃nɪ̃ĩ̯ {mũnĩy} 'black'. Phonology: /ãp=pnĩk/ or /ãp=pnĩc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: ha=gĩ ¹

Bahetá 1982 (ha=gˈĩ).

Number: 61

Word: nose

Maxakali: ɕɨpɨɤ̯p {xupup} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 51; Antunes 1999: 38; Silva 2014: 109. Polysemy: 'nose / protuberance'. Phonology: /cɨpɨp/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =čihĩ ²

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=čˈihĩ); Bahetá 1982 (a=čihˈĩ).

Number: 62

Word: not

Maxakali: ʔa=...=ʔaʔ {a=...=ʼa} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 1, 57; Campos 2009: 128. The first part of this circumfix occurs immediatly before an inactive verb or before the A argument of an active verb. The last past always follows the verb immediately. Distinct from =hoɨ̯k {=hok} (existential negation, prohibitive, caritive) [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 11; Campos 2009: 127]; ʔãɤ̃m-hoɨ̯k {ãmhok} 'no' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 1; Antunes 1999: 21], kaʔ {ka} (prohibitive) [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 13; Campos 2009: 127]. Phonology: /a=...=a/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 63

Word: one

Maxakali: pɨɕäǝ̯ {puxet} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 39; Antunes 1999: 32. Polysemy: 'one / only one'. Phonology: /pcet/. There is also a borrowing: ʔũɤ̯̃m ~ ʔũ {õm ~ õ} [Antunes 1999: 19; Silva f.n.] (< Portuguese ũ {um}; attested as {ũm ~ ũ} in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 44]), which is mainly used in constructions involving Portuguese borrowings.

Pataxo Hahahae: abakačɛ ²

Scheibe 1957 ({abakače}).

Number: 64

Word: person

Maxakali:

Not attested.

Pataxo Hahahae: abkahǝi̯ ¹

Bahetá 1982 (abkahˈǝi̯).

Number: 65

Word: rain

Maxakali: tähäi̯ / täi̯ {tehex / tex} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 41; Campos 2009: 260; Antunes 1999: 33; Araújo 2000: 119; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 80 (glossed as 'rain storm'). Phonology: /tec/.

Pataxo Hahahae: kɛhɛ ¹

Pickering 1961 (kˈɛhɛ); Bahetá 1982 (kɛhˈɛ).

Number: 66

Word: red

Maxakali: ɕɨ=taʔ / =ʔã=taʔ {xuta / =ãta} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 3, 51 (quoted as {xutta / ãta}); Campos 2009: 78; Antunes 1999: 38. Phonology: /cɨ=ta/ / /=A=ta/. Ranges from red to yellow.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 67

Word: road

Maxakali: pɨtɑhɑǝ̯ / pɨtɑǝ̯ {putahat / putat} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 37; Campos 2009: 270; Araújo 2000: 120; Antunes 1999: 31. Polysemy: 'road / way / trail'. Cf. also hudäi̯ {honex} 'road / highway' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 11]; mõ-ɨ̯̃ŋ-ʔɑi̯ ~ mũ-ʔɑi̯ {mõgʼax ~ mõax} [Antunes 1999: 28, 35] (a nominalization of mõ-ɨ̯̃ŋ {mõg} 'to go'). Phonology: /ptat/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =wai̯ʔoi̯ ²

Pickering 1961 (ʌm=bʷai̯ʔoi̯).

Number: 68

Word: root

Maxakali: mĩɤ̯̃m=ɲĩɤ̯̃p=ɕatiǝ̯ {mĩmyĩpxatit} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 25. Phonology: /mĩp=ɲĩp=catit/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 69

Word: round

Maxakali: ʔã=dɘɨ̯k ~ dɘɨ̯k {ãnuk ~ nuk} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 2 (ʔã=dɘɨ̯k {ãnuk}); Campos 2009: 287 (dɘɨ̯k {nuk}). Cf. mõ=ɨ̯̃ktʊi̯ (mõɨ̯̃k-tʊi̯?) {mõktox} 'oblong round' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 26]. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment d. Phonology: /dɨk/, /A=dɨk/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 70

Word: sand

Maxakali: ʔãbʊǝ̯ {ãmot} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 2; Antunes 1999: 21. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment b. Phonology: /amut/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 71

Word: say

Maxakali: ɕɘ=ɨ̯ktɨi̯ / ʔã=ɨ̯̃ktɨi̯ {xuktux / =ãktux} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 1, 8; Campos 2009: 31, 86; Antunes 1999: 38. Polysemy: 'to say / to tell / to talk about'. When no object is found, occurs with a prefix: hãɤ̯̃m=ʔã=ɨ̯̃ktɨi̯ {hãmʼãktux} 'to speak' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 7, 32; Campos 2009: 137]. Distinct from ɲɪ̃ĩ̯ {yĩy} 'to speak' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 56; Campos 2009: 80; Antunes 1999: 39 (only causative)]. Phonology: /cɨ=ktɨc/ / /A=ktɨc/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 72

Word: see

Maxakali: pɛ-nãhãʔ {penãhã} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 35; Campos 2009: 268; Araújo 2000: 119 (attested as pɛ-nãhãɨ̯̃ŋ {pe-nãhãg}, non-finite pɛ-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {pe-nãg}). Short and non-finite: pɛ-nãʔ {penã}. Polysemy: 'to see / to look / to desire sexually'. Apparently a causative from an unattested *pɛʔ {*pe} or *päǝ̯ {*pet}. Phonology: /pe-nã/ or /pet-nã/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 73

Word: seed

Maxakali: ɕahaɤ̯p / ɕaɤ̯p ~ hãɤ̯̃p=ɕuɤ̯p=ɕaɤ̯p {xahap / xap ~ hãpxopxap} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 9, 45, 46; Campos 2009: 76; Antunes 1999: 36. Polysemy: 'stone / seed / bead / necklace / headband / any round object' (only for ɕaɤ̯p {xap}). Phonology: /cap ~ hãp=cup=cap/.

Pataxo Hahahae: mĩ=ka-hab ²

Pickering 1961 (mĩ=ka-hˈab 'seed'; mˈi=ka-hab 'ground'). Polysemy: 'seed / ground'. In [Bahetá 1982 (mi=ka-hˈab)], only the meaning 'ground' is attested.

Number: 74

Word: sit

Maxakali: ɲɨ̃ɤ̯̃m {yũm} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 57; Campos 2009: 117; Antunes 1999: 39. Non-finite: ɲɨ̃hɨ̃ɤ̯̃m {yũhũm}. Polysemy: 'to sit.SG / to squat.SG / to be located.SG'. Plural: mãɤ̯̃m {mãm} (non-finite mãhãɤ̯̃m {mãhãm}) [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 22; Campos 2009: 117; Antunes 1999: 35]. Phonology: /ɲɨ̃p/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 75

Word: skin

Maxakali: ɕɑi̯ {xax} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 47; Campos 2009: 233; Antunes 1999: 36. Polysemy: 'cover / skin / bark / shell'. Antunes [1999: 36] also lists the meaning 'shirt'.

Pataxo Hahahae: c̢ok=c̢ad ²

Pickering 1961 (c̢ˈok=c̢adɪ̆).

Number: 75

Word: skin

Maxakali:

Pataxo Hahahae: paaĩŋ ³

Bahetá 1982 (paaˈĩŋ). Polysemy: 'skin / leather'.

Number: 75

Word: skin

Maxakali:

Pataxo Hahahae: kũi̯dã ⁴

Bahetá 1982 (kũidˈã).

Number: 76

Word: sleep

Maxakali: mũʔ=ɲ=ʊ̃ǝ̯̃ {mõ yõn} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 26, 27, 29; Campos 2009: 126; Antunes 1999: 28; Araújo 2000: 24; Silva 2014: 114; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 81; Silva f.n. Homophonous with mũʔ=ɲʊ̃ǝ̯̃ {mõ yõn} 'to throw' [Campos 2009: 50; Silva f.n.], where ɲ {y} is part of the root and does not disappear in the imperative forms (finite mũ=ʔʊ̃ǝ̯̃ {mõ õn}, non-finite mũ=hʊ̃ǝ̯̃ {mõ hõn}). Phonology: /mũ=ɲ=ũt/.

Pataxo Hahahae: hʌ̃=gũm ~ ʌ̃=gũm # ²

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=gˈum). Glossed as 'to lie' in [Bahetá 1982 (hã=gˈum)]; its Maxakalí cognate nũɤ̯̃m {nõm} means 'to lie.PL', which raises doubts on the actual meaning of this root.

Number: 77

Word: small

Maxakali: kɨtɪ̃ĩ̯-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {kutĩynãg} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 21 ('very little'); Campos 2009: 148 (kɨtɪi̯-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {kutixnãg}); Antunes 1999: 26, 33; Silva f.n. Cf. tɪ̃ĩ̯-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {tĩynãg} 'few'. More frequent than kɨtõɨ̯̃ŋ-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {kutõgnãg} 'small', tõɨ̯̃ŋ-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {tõgnãg} 'few' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 21]. According to Silva [f.n.], kɨtõɨ̯̃ŋ-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {kutõgnãg} and kɨtɪ̃ĩ̯-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {kutĩynãg} contrast in size, the former referring to somewhat bigger objects than the latter. Distinct from the diminutive suffix =nãɨ̯̃ŋ {=nãg} [Campos 2009: 143; Araújo 2000: 47, 108; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 81]. Phonology: /kɨtik-nãk/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 78

Word: smoke

Maxakali: gʊ̃ĩ̯ ~ kɨ=gʊ̃ĩ̯ {gõy ~ kugõy} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 4, 5, 19; Campos 2009: 18. Polysemy: 'smoke / cloud / fog / to smoke'. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment g. Phonology: /gũc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: ʔʊ=ʔʊ̃i̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʔˈʊ=ʔʊ̃i).

Number: 79

Word: stand

Maxakali: kɨ̃nĩhãʔ-ɕiɤ̯p {kũnĩhã xip} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 20. Glossed as 'to stand up'. Plural: kɨ̃nĩhãʔ-piɤ̯p {kũnĩhã pip}. Includes the verb ɕiɤ̯p {xip} (non-finite ɕihiɤ̯p {xihip}) 'to be located vertically.SG', plural piɤ̯p {pip} (non-finite pihiʔ {pihi}). Distinct from ʓoɨ̯k {yok} 'to raise / to be straight / to straighten up' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 56; Antunes 1999: 22 (translated as 'levantar')]. Phonology: /knĩhã-cip/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 80

Word: star

Maxakali: mãɲũː=nãɨ̯̃ŋ {mãyõnnãg} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 24; Antunes 1999: 27; Araújo 2000: 47. Literally 'celestial.body-DIM'. Phonology: /mãɲũt-nãk/.

Pataxo Hahahae: mʌ̃ŋũ-hʌ̃ ¹

Pickering 1961 (mʌ̃ŋgũ-hʌ̃); Scheibe 1957 ({maɲũhá}). Attested with a different suffix in [Bahetá 1982]: maŋu-čiˈa.

Number: 81

Word: stone

Maxakali: mĩ=kɑi̯-ɕaɤ̯p {mĩkax-xap} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 25; Silva 2014: 116; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 78. Derived from mĩ=kɑi̯ {mĩkax} 'knife / rock / stone' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 24; Silva f.n.], attested in the compound mĩ=kɑi̯-ɕäi̯kaʔ {mĩkax xexka} 'mountain' (literally 'big stone') in [Antunes 1999: 39], and ɕahaɤ̯p / ɕaɤ̯p {xahap / xap} 'necklace / headband' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 9, 45, 46; Antunes 1999: 36], which is used as a classifier for stones, seeds, beads and any spheric objects. The meaning of individual morphemes (mĩ /mĩ/ and kɑi̯ /kac/) is unclear, but since the syllables diverge in nasality, they cannot constitute a root. Phonology: /mĩ=kac-cap/.

Pataxo Hahahae: paʔai̯ ~ bawai̯ ²

Pickering 1961 (pʼaʼai); Bahetá 1982 (bawˈai̯); Scheibe 1957 ({paáy}). Cf. mĩ=ka-hab 'seed / ground' [Pickering 1961 (mˈi=ka-hab 'ground', mĩ=ka-hˈab 'seed')].

Number: 82

Word: sun

Maxakali: mãɲʊ̃ǝ̯̃ {mãyõn} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 23; Antunes 1999: 27; Araújo 2000: 22; Silva 2014: 116; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 79. Phonology: /mãɲũt/.

Pataxo Hahahae: mʌ̃ŋũ ¹

Scheibe 1957 ({maɲu}). In [Bahetá 1982] another root without a known etymology is attested: bɛkˈɔi̯.

Number: 83

Word: swim

Maxakali: kũnãː=kupɒʔ=mõ-ɨ̯̃ŋ {kõnãg kopa mõg} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 17; Silva f.n. Literally 'to go by water'. Polysemy: 'to swim / to row a canoe'. Silva [f.n.] believes this construction to mean 'to swim underwater / to dive'; however, the other candidate for this slot means 'to dog paddle', which complicates the choice between the two, and I prefer to list both roots as synonyms. Cf. also ɕɨɤ̯p {xup}, glossed as 'to hang / to swim' by Antunes [1999: 38] but attested only in the former meaning in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 51]; Silva [f.n.] attests only the meanings 'to hang.SG / to stand over four paws / to be (of liquids)' for it. Phonology: /kʷnã̰k=kupa=mũ-k/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 83

Word: swim

Maxakali: põɨ̯̃k=põɨ̯̃ŋ {põgpõg} ^-1

Silva f.n. The author believes this verb to mean more precisely 'to dog paddle'; however, the other candidate for this slot means 'to swim underwater', which complicates the choice between the two, and I prefer to list both roots as synonyms. A likely onomatopoeia; p does not usually preced nasal vowels in native vocabulary. Phonology: /pũk=pũk/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 84

Word: tail

Maxakali: nãː-kɨɤ̯p {nãgkup} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 29. Phonology: /nãk-kɨp/. Distinct from ka-ʔɑi̯ {kaʼax} 'end' [Silva f.n.], translated as 'end / tail' in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 15].

Pataxo Hahahae: =ŋʌ̃ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=ŋgʌ̃).

Number: 85

Word: that

Maxakali: nũʔũɤ̯̃m / nũɤ̯̃m {nõʼõm / nõm} ⁰

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 31; Antunes 1999: 29 ({nõ}). Medial deixis. Phonology: /nṵ̃p/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 85

Word: that

Maxakali: ʔũhũɤ̯̃m / ʔũɤ̯̃m {õhõm / õm} ⁰

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 33; Antunes 1999: 29; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 81. Distal deixis. Phonology: /ũp/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 86

Word: this

Maxakali: nɘ̃hɘ̃ {nũhũ} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 32; Araújo 2000: 121 (attested as nɘ̃hɘ̃ɨ̯̃ŋ {nũhũg}); Antunes 1999: 29. Phonology: /nɨ̃(k)/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 87

Word: thou

Maxakali: ã- {ã-} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: v; Campos 2009: 78; Antunes 1999: 21. Direct. Phonology: /a-/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested. Cf. the phrase ačˈi amaŋˈʌ 'have you bathed?' [Bahetá 1982].

Number: 87

Word: thou

Maxakali: ɕaʔ {xa} ²

Popovich & Popovich 2005: v; Campos 2009: 78, 86; Antunes 1999: 36. Oblique. Phonology: /ca/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 88

Word: tongue

Maxakali: ɲʊ̃ĩ̯ɕõɨ̯̃ŋ ~ ɲĩɕõɨ̯̃ŋ {yõyxõg ~ yĩxõg} ¹

Silva 2014: 113; Silva f.n. The form ɲʊ̃ĩ̯ɕõɨ̯̃ŋ {yõyxõg} is used by older speaker, whereas ɲĩɕõɨ̯̃ŋ {yĩxõg} is used by younger speakers. Phonology: /ɲũccũk ~ ɲĩcũk/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =c̢ʊ̃hʊ̃ ~ =c̢õhʌ̃ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=c̢ˈʊhʊ̃); Bahetá 1982 (a=čohˈã); Scheibe 1957 ({an-tõhũ}).

Number: 89

Word: tooth

Maxakali: ɕʊi̯ {xox} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 50; Silva 2014: 111. Polysemy: 'tooth / sharp fragment'. Phonology: /cuc/.

Pataxo Hahahae: =c̢ʊi̯ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ʌ̃=tʰˈʊi̯); Bahetá 1982 (a=čˈũi̯); Scheibe 1957 ({an-tóy}).

Number: 90

Word: tree

Maxakali: mĩhĩɤ̯̃m / mĩɤ̯̃m {mĩhĩm / mĩm} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 24, 25; Campos 2009: 80, 95; Antunes 1999: 27; Araújo 2000: 80; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 78. Polysemy: 'tree / wood'. Distinct from kɨɤ̯p {kup} 'bone / stick / tree / stalk' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 20; Campos 2009: 260; Antunes 1999: 26], which is mostly used in a classifier-like manner. Cf. kɘhɘɨ̯k ~ kɨhɨʔ / kɘɨ̯k {kuhuk ~ kuhu / kuk ~ ku} 'firewood' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 19; Antunes 1999: 25; Silva f.n.]. Phonology: /mĩp/.

Pataxo Hahahae: mĩm-nʌ̃ ¹

Scheibe 1957 ({mihná}). This word is translated as 'bed' by Azevedo [1936 (mi-nˈã)] and Pickering [1961 (mˈim-nʌ)].

Number: 91

Word: two

Maxakali: tɪi̯ {tix} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 42; Campos 2009: 67. There is also a loan equivalent dʊi̯ {nox} [Antunes 1999: 19] (< Portuguese doys {dois}). Phonology: /tik/.

Pataxo Hahahae: abac̢ɛ ²

Scheibe 1957 ({abače}).

Number: 92

Word: go

Maxakali: mõ-ɨ̯̃ŋ {mõg} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 26, 27; Antunes 1999: 21, 28, 30; Silva 2014: 114. Non-finite: mũʔ {mõ}, serial: mʊ̃-ĩ̯ {mũy}. Distinct from ɲɑ̃ĩ̯=hiʔ {yãyhi} (non-finite ɲɑ̃ĩ̯=hiǝ̯ {yãyhit}) 'to walk' [Silva f.n.], glossed as 'to swarm (as bees) / to be full' in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 53]; hãɤ̯̃p=kɨbɛɤ̯p {hãpkumep} 'to walk / to stroll / to travel' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 8]. Phonology: /mũ-k/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 93

Word: hot

Maxakali: pɘɨ̯k-päi̯ {pukpex} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 37. Cf. the nominalization hãː=pɘɨ̯k-päi̯ {hãmpukpex} 'hot weather' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 7]. Phonology: /pɨk-pek/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 94

Word: water

Maxakali: kũnãʔãɨ̯̃ŋ / kũnãɨ̯̃ŋ {kõnããg / kõnãg} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 17; Antunes 1999: 24, 41; Silva 2014: 114. Phonology: /kʷnã̰k/.

Pataxo Hahahae: ŋʌ̃hʌ̃ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ŋgʌ̃hˈʌ̃); Bahetá 1982 (ŋahˈã 'river'); Scheibe 1957 ({ɲahasi}). Polysemy: 'water / river'.

Number: 95

Word: we₁

Maxakali: ɲɨ̃-mɘ̃-ɨ̯̃ŋ / ɲɨ̃-mɨ̃-ʔãʔ {yũmũg / yũmũã} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: v; Campos 2009: 78, 86. Inclusive. Direct / oblique. Phonology: /ɲɨ̃-mɨ̃-k/ / /ɲɨ̃-mɨ̃-ã/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 95

Word: we₂

Maxakali: ʔɘ̃ɨ̯̃ŋ-mɘ̃-ɨ̯̃ŋ / ʔɘ̃ɨ̯̃ŋ-mɨ̃-ʔãʔ {ũgmũg / ũgmũã} ²

Popovich & Popovich 2005: v; Campos 2009: 78, 86. Exclusive. Direct / oblique. Phonology: /k-mɨ̃-k/ / /k-mɨ̃-ã/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 96

Word: what

Maxakali: pɨtɛʔ ~ pɨtɛ-ɤ̯p ~ pɨtɛ-ʔɨ̃ɤ̯̃m {pute ~ putep ~ pute ũm} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 37; Antunes 1999: 31. Phonology: /pte ~ pte-(ɨ̃)p/ or /pɨte ~ pɨte-(ɨ̃)p/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 97

Word: white

Maxakali: pudoɨ̯k {ponok} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 36 (quoted as {ponnok / =mnok}). Treated as a borrowing because of the segment d. Phonology: /pduk/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 98

Word: who

Maxakali: pɨtɛʔ ~ pɨtɛ-ɤ̯p ~ pɨtɛ-ʔɨ̃ɤ̯̃m {pute ~ putep ~ pute ũm} # ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 19, 37. Apparently expressed by the same root as 'what'. Cf. the particle ʔɨ̃ʔɨ̃ɤ̯̃m {ũũm} /p/, translated as 'who' by Gudschinsky, Popovich and Popovich [1970: 80]. Phonology: /pte ~ pte-(ɨ̃)p/ or /pɨte ~ pɨte-(ɨ̃)p/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 99

Word: woman

Maxakali: ʔɨ̃hɨ̃ǝ̯̃ / ʔɨ̃ǝ̯̃ {ũhũn / ũn} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 44, 45; Antunes 1999: 33. Refers specifically to indigenous women. Distinct from häi̯ {hex} 'female / sister of a male ego' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 10; Silva f.n.], which can also be used in a classifier-like manner ([Araújo 2000: 22, 108]). ʔãʓɘɨ̯k {ãyuk}, translated as 'woman' in an example in [Araújo 2000: 24], is probably the same word as ʔãʓɘhɘɨ̯k {ãyuhuk} 'non-Indian' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 4]. Phonology: /ɨ̃t/.

Pataxo Hahahae: bɛkɛ-čia ²

Bahetá 1982 (bɛkɛčiˈa); Scheibe 1957 ({bektiá}). Pickering [1961] quotes another root: n̩c̢ˈɛkʊ̃i.

Number: 100

Word: yellow

Maxakali: ɲĩ=ɕɨi̯ {yĩxux} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 56; Araújo 2000: 90; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 78; Silva f.n. Ranges from blue through green to yellow (according to Silva [f.n.], it denotes any color that is not black, white or red). Antunes [1999: 36] cites ɕɨː=ta-ɲĩ=ɕɨi̯-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {xuttayĩxuxnãg} 'red-green-DIM'. Popovich & Popovich [2005: 3, 51] cite ɕɨ=taʔ / =ʔã=taʔ {xuta / =ãta} (as {xutta / ãta}) 'red, yellow'. Phonology: /ɲĩ=cɨc/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 100

Word: yellow

Maxakali: ʓiʓiɤ̯p {yiyip} ^-1

Silva f.n. Refers to the color of a specific flower (the exact species is unknown). Treated as a non-native item because of the segment ʓ. Phonology: /yiyip/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 101

Word: far

Maxakali: hãɤ̯̃p=tʊi̯ {hãptox} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 8; Antunes 1999: 23. Polysemy: 'far / distant'. A nominalization of tʊi̯ {tox}, glossed as 'long / tall / far' in [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 43]. Phonology: /hãp=tuc/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 102

Word: heavy

Maxakali: pɨtɨi̯ {putux} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 38; Antunes 1999: 35; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 85. Polysemy: 'heavy / obstacle / rough (of a road)'. Phonology: /ptɨc/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 103

Word: near

Maxakali: hãɤ̯̃m=hɨɤ̯p {hãmhup} ¹

Silva f.n. Probably used for longer distances than ɲĩka {yĩka}, but the exact difference between hãɤ̯̃m=hɨɤ̯p {hãmhup} and ɲĩka {yĩka} is still under research. Often used with a diminutive suffix: hãɤ̯̃m=hɨ̃ɤ̯̃m-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {hãmhũmnãg} [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 6]. Related to hɨ̃ɤ̯̃m-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {hũmnãg} 'short / narrow' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 12]. Distinct from the postposition mũʔ=ɲũ-ka-mɨ̃ʔ {mõ yõkamũ} 'close to' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 28]. Cf. the locative postposition kupɒʔ {kopa} 'inside' [Popovich & Popovich 2005: 17], translated as 'near / between' in [Antunes 1999: 25]. Phonology: /hãp=hɨ̃p-nãk/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 103

Word: near

Maxakali: ɲĩka {yĩka} ²

Silva f.n. Probably used for very short distances, but the exact difference between hãɤ̯̃m=hɨɤ̯p {hãmhup} and ɲĩka {yĩka} is still under research. Attested with a diminutive suffix (ɲĩkãɨ̯̃ŋ-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {yĩkãgnãg}) by Popovich & Popovich [2005: 54] (but glossed as a postposition: 'very close to').

Pataxo Hahahae:

Number: 104

Word: salt

Maxakali: ʔãbʊǝ̯-ɕɨi̯-päi̯ {ãmot xuxpex} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 2; Antunes 1999: 21. Literally 'tasty sand'. According to Popovich & Popovich [ibid.], also attested as simply {ãmot}. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment b. Phonology: /amut-cɨc-pek/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 105

Word: short

Maxakali: hɨ̃ɤ̯̃m-nãɨ̯̃ŋ {hũmnãg} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 12. Phonology: /hɨ̃p-nãk/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 106

Word: snake

Maxakali: kãɲãʔ {kãyã} ¹

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 15. Phonology: /kãɲã/.

Pataxo Hahahae: ʌ̃ŋʌ̃ ¹

Pickering 1961 (ˈʌ̃ŋgʌ̃); Scheibe 1957 ({anãy}).

Number: 107

Word: thin

Maxakali: kɨɤ̯b-daɨ̯k {kumnak} # ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 19. Literally 'dry bone'. It is unclear if this word can be applied to thin objects. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment d. Phonology: /kɨp-dak/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 108

Word: wind

Maxakali: ʔãbɨʔɨʔ {ãmuʼu} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 2; Antunes 1999: 21; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 78. Treated as a borrowing because of the segment b. Phonology: /amɨʔɨ/.

Pataxo Hahahae: hʌ̃m=c̢aʔi ¹

Pickering 1961 (hʌmc̢ʰaʔi).

Number: 109

Word: worm

Maxakali: pɨɕʊ̃ʔʊ̃ĩ̯ / pɨɕʊ̃ĩ̯ {puxõʼõy / puxõy} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 39; Gudschinsky, Popovich & Popovich 1970: 84. Polysemy: 'intestinal parasite / earthworm'. Treated as a borrowing because of the sequence ɕṼ. Phonology: /pcṵ̃c/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 110

Word: year

Maxakali: hãɤ̯̃m=ɲãː=ɕatabɘɨ̯k {hãmyãyxatamuk} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 7 ({hãmyãyxatamuk}); Antunes 1999: 23, 41 ({hãmyãyxatamuk}); Silva f.n. Literally 'NMLZ=REFL=sound.of.cicadas' (cicadas chirp yearly, around September or October, according to one of the consultants; however, another consultant in her sixties did not know what ɕatabɘɨ̯k {xatamuk} meant). Treated as a non-native item because of the segment b. Phonology: /hãp=ɲãc=catamɨk/.

Pataxo Hahahae:

Not attested.

Number: 110

Word: year

Maxakali: ʔɑ̃ǝ̯̃ ~ ʔũɑ̃ǝ̯̃ {ãn ~ õãn} ^-1

Popovich & Popovich 2005: 2; Silva f.n. Borrowed from Portuguese ˈɐ̃nu {ano} 'year' or ũ ˈɐ̃nu {um ano} 'one year' (however, in Maxakalí ʔũɑ̃ǝ̯̃ {õãn} may be used also in plural contexts: ɕikũä̃ǝ̯ ʔũɑ̃ǝ̯̃ {xikõẽn õãn} 'fifty years' [Silva f.n.]). Phonology: /ãt ~ ũãt/.

Pataxo Hahahae: